5EYO

The crystal structure of the Max bHLH domain in complex with 5-carboxyl cytosine DNA


Experimental Data Snapshot

  • Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
  • Resolution: 2.39 Å
  • R-Value Free: 0.229 
  • R-Value Work: 0.203 
  • R-Value Observed: 0.204 

Starting Model: experimental
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wwPDB Validation   3D Report Full Report


This is version 1.4 of the entry. See complete history


Literature

MAX is an epigenetic sensor of 5-carboxylcytosine and is altered in multiple myeloma.

Wang, D.Hashimoto, H.Zhang, X.Barwick, B.G.Lonial, S.Boise, L.H.Vertino, P.M.Cheng, X.

(2017) Nucleic Acids Res 45: 2396-2407

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw1184
  • Primary Citation of Related Structures:  
    5EYO

  • PubMed Abstract: 

    The oncogenic transcription factor MYC and its binding partner MAX regulate gene expression by binding to DNA at enhancer-box (E-box) elements 5΄-CACGTG-3΄. In mammalian genomes, the central E-box CpG has the potential to be methylated at the 5-position of cytosine (5mC), or to undergo further oxidation to the 5-hydroxymethyl (5hmC), 5-formyl (5fC), or 5-carboxyl (5caC) forms. We find that MAX exhibits the greatest affinity for a 5caC or unmodified C-containing E-box, and much reduced affinities for the corresponding 5mC, 5hmC or 5fC forms. Crystallization of MAX with a 5caC modified E-box oligonucleotide revealed that MAX Arg36 recognizes 5caC using a 5caC-Arg-Guanine triad, with the next nearest residue to the carboxylate group being Arg60. In an analysis of >800 primary multiple myelomas, MAX alterations occurred at a frequency of ∼3%, more than half of which were single nucleotide substitutions affecting a basic clamp-like interface important for DNA interaction. Among these, arginines 35, 36 and 60 were the most frequently altered. In vitro binding studies showed that whereas mutation of Arg36 (R36W) or Arg35 (R35H/L) completely abolished DNA binding, mutation of Arg60 (R60Q) significantly reduced DNA binding, but retained a preference for the 5caC modified E-box. Interestingly, MAX alterations define a subset of myeloma patients with lower MYC expression and a better overall prognosis. Together these data indicate that MAX can act as a direct epigenetic sensor of E-box cytosine modification states and that local CpG modification and MAX variants converge to modulate the MAX-MYC transcriptional network.


  • Organizational Affiliation

    Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.


Macromolecules

Find similar proteins by:  (by identity cutoff)  |  3D Structure
Entity ID: 1
MoleculeChains Sequence LengthOrganismDetailsImage
Protein max
A, C
88Homo sapiensMutation(s): 0 
Gene Names: MAXBHLHD4
UniProt & NIH Common Fund Data Resources
Find proteins for P61244 (Homo sapiens)
Explore P61244 
Go to UniProtKB:  P61244
PHAROS:  P61244
GTEx:  ENSG00000125952 
Entity Groups  
Sequence Clusters30% Identity50% Identity70% Identity90% Identity95% Identity100% Identity
UniProt GroupP61244
Sequence Annotations
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  • Reference Sequence

Find similar nucleic acids by:  Sequence   |   3D Structure  

Entity ID: 2
MoleculeChains LengthOrganismImage
DNA (5'-D(*AP*GP*TP*AP*GP*CP*AP*(1CC)P*GP*TP*GP*CP*TP*AP*CP*T)-3')
B, D
16synthetic construct
Sequence Annotations
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  • Reference Sequence
Experimental Data & Validation

Experimental Data

  • Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION
  • Resolution: 2.39 Å
  • R-Value Free: 0.229 
  • R-Value Work: 0.203 
  • R-Value Observed: 0.204 
  • Space Group: C 1 2 1
Unit Cell:
Length ( Å )Angle ( ˚ )
a = 32.75α = 90
b = 306.16β = 103.79
c = 49.06γ = 90
Software Package:
Software NamePurpose
PHENIXrefinement
XDSdata reduction
XDSdata scaling
PHENIXphasing

Structure Validation

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Entry History & Funding Information

Deposition Data


Funding OrganizationLocationGrant Number
National Institutes of Health/National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS)United StatesGM049245

Revision History  (Full details and data files)

  • Version 1.0: 2016-12-14
    Type: Initial release
  • Version 1.1: 2017-05-03
    Changes: Database references
  • Version 1.2: 2017-09-13
    Changes: Author supporting evidence
  • Version 1.3: 2019-12-25
    Changes: Author supporting evidence
  • Version 1.4: 2023-09-27
    Changes: Data collection, Database references, Refinement description