5KYJ

Brain penetrant liver X receptor (LXR) modulators based on a 2,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole core

External Resource: Annotation

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification
Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification
Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification
Domain Annotation: CATH
Protein Family Annotation
Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation
InterPro: Protein Family Classification
Pharos: Disease Associations

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification SCOP-e Database Homepage

Chains	Domain Info	Class	Fold	Superfamily	Family	Domain	Species	Provenance Source (Version)
A	d5kyja1	All alpha proteins	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Oxysterols receptor LXR-beta	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
A	d5kyja2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	C-terminal Tags	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
C [auth E]	d5kyje1	All alpha proteins	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Oxysterols receptor LXR-beta	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
C [auth E]	d5kyje2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	C-terminal Tags	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
B	d5kyjb1	All alpha proteins	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	automated matches	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
B	d5kyjb2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	C-terminal Tags	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
D [auth F]	d5kyjf1	All alpha proteins	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	automated matches	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
D [auth F]	d5kyjf2	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	C-terminal Tags	Human (Homo sapiens ) [TaxId: 9606 ],	SCOPe (2.08)

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	8039081	3001442	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C [auth E]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	8039081	3001442	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	8039446	3001442	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
D [auth F]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	8039446	3001442	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	Hormone_recep	e5kyjA1	A: alpha arrays	X: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (From Topology)	H: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (From Topology)	T: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	F: Hormone_recep	ECOD (1.6)
C [auth E]	Hormone_recep	e5kyjE1	A: alpha arrays	X: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (From Topology)	H: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (From Topology)	T: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	F: Hormone_recep	ECOD (1.6)
B	Hormone_recep	e5kyjB1	A: alpha arrays	X: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (From Topology)	H: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (From Topology)	T: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	F: Hormone_recep	ECOD (1.6)
D [auth F]	Hormone_recep	e5kyjF1	A: alpha arrays	X: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (From Topology)	H: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain (From Topology)	T: Nuclear receptor ligand-binding domain	F: Hormone_recep	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	1.10.565.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Retinoid X Receptor	Retinoid X Receptor	CATH (4.3.0)
C [auth E]	1.10.565.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Retinoid X Receptor	Retinoid X Receptor	CATH (4.3.0)
B	1.10.565.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Retinoid X Receptor	Retinoid X Receptor	CATH (4.3.0)
D [auth F]	1.10.565.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Retinoid X Receptor	Retinoid X Receptor	CATH (4.3.0)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A, C [auth E]	PF00104	Ligand-binding domain of nuclear hormone receptor (Hormone_recep)	Ligand-binding domain of nuclear hormone receptor	This all helical domain is involved in binding the hormone in these receptors.	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A, C [auth E]	Oxysterols receptor LXR-beta	DNA binding binding organic cyclic compound binding nucleic acid binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription regulator activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity protein binding signaling receptor binding apolipoprotein A-I receptor binding apolipoprotein receptor binding nuclear receptor activity molecular transducer activity ligand-activated transcription factor activity DNA binding binding organic cyclic compound binding nucleic acid binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific transcription regulator activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity protein binding signaling receptor binding apolipoprotein A-I receptor binding apolipoprotein receptor binding nuclear receptor activity molecular transducer activity ligand-activated transcription factor activity signaling receptor activity DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription activator activity ATPase binding enzyme binding sequence-specific DNA binding double-stranded DNA binding RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding transcription cis-regulatory region binding transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding chromatin binding chromatin DNA binding transcription factor binding nuclear retinoic acid receptor binding RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding nuclear receptor binding nuclear retinoid X receptor binding DNA-binding transcription factor binding cation binding transition metal ion binding zinc ion binding ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding	positive regulation of cholesterol efflux regulation of localization transport positive regulation of sterol transport positive regulation of biological process regulation of lipid transport organic hydroxy compound transport localization regulation of cholesterol efflux sterol transport regulation of cholesterol transport positive regulation of cholesterol transport regulation of sterol transport regulation of biological process positive regulation of cholesterol efflux regulation of localization transport positive regulation of sterol transport positive regulation of biological process regulation of lipid transport organic hydroxy compound transport localization regulation of cholesterol efflux sterol transport regulation of cholesterol transport positive regulation of cholesterol transport regulation of sterol transport regulation of biological process regulation of transport biological regulation lipid localization lipid transport positive regulation of lipid localization establishment of localization positive regulation of lipid transport positive regulation of transport regulation of lipid localization macromolecule localization cholesterol transport cholesterol efflux negative regulation of lipid transport negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of transport negative regulation of lipid localization cellular metabolic process glycerophospholipid metabolic process primary metabolic process phospholipid metabolic process organophosphate metabolic process cellular lipid metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process phosphatidylcholine metabolic process glycerolipid metabolic process metabolic process cellular process phosphorus metabolic process phosphatidylcholine acyl-chain remodeling lipid metabolic process regulation of cellular process oxoacid metabolic process cellular biosynthetic process regulation of lipid metabolic process lipid biosynthetic process positive regulation of cellular metabolic process organic acid biosynthetic process organic acid metabolic process carboxylic acid biosynthetic process regulation of primary metabolic process positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process positive regulation of metabolic process cellular ketone metabolic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of small molecule metabolic process positive regulation of lipid metabolic process small molecule metabolic process positive regulation of cellular process positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process regulation of biosynthetic process fatty acid metabolic process regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process small molecule biosynthetic process carboxylic acid metabolic process regulation of cellular metabolic process fatty acid biosynthetic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process biosynthetic process positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process regulation of fatty acid metabolic process regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process monocarboxylic acid metabolic process regulation of lipid biosynthetic process positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process DNA-templated transcription regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of miRNA metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process miRNA metabolic process positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process positive regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of gene expression regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process macromolecule metabolic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription RNA metabolic process positive regulation of miRNA transcription positive regulation of miRNA metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process nucleic acid biosynthetic process miRNA transcription regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of miRNA transcription regulation of catalytic activity positive regulation of catalytic activity positive regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity positive regulation of lipase activity positive regulation of triglyceride lipase activity regulation of molecular function positive regulation of molecular function positive regulation of hydrolase activity regulation of hydrolase activity regulation of lipase activity cellular response to stimulus response to stimulus response to type II interferon response to cytokine regulation of signal transduction regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway response to biotic stimulus cellular response to type II interferon cell communication negative regulation of response to type II interferon interferon-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to cytokine stimulus regulation of immune system process signal transduction immune response response to other organism regulation of innate immune response negative regulation of immune response type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway response to external stimulus regulation of response to cytokine stimulus negative regulation of response to cytokine stimulus regulation of response to stimulus response to chemical defense response to other organism negative regulation of response to external stimulus negative regulation of defense response regulation of immune response regulation of response to type II interferon regulation of defense response regulation of response to biotic stimulus biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms regulation of response to external stimulus negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus negative regulation of signaling signaling negative regulation of cell communication cytokine-mediated signaling pathway response to stress regulation of response to stress negative regulation of cellular process innate immune response response to external biotic stimulus negative regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway regulation of signaling cell surface receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of response to stimulus defense response regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway defense response to symbiont negative regulation of signal transduction response to peptide negative regulation of immune system process negative regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway immune system process regulation of cell communication negative regulation of innate immune response mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II mRNA transcription mRNA metabolic process transcription by RNA polymerase II multicellular organismal process regulation of body fluid levels system process digestive system process regulation of system process positive regulation of secretion positive regulation of digestive system process positive regulation of pancreatic juice secretion regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of biological quality secretion by tissue pancreatic juice secretion secretion regulation of pancreatic juice secretion regulation of digestive system process regulation of secretion body fluid secretion digestion positive regulation of multicellular organismal process protein localization establishment of protein localization cellular localization nitrogen compound transport regulation of protein localization positive regulation of establishment of protein localization positive regulation of secretion by cell protein localization to extracellular region positive regulation of protein transport secretion by cell regulation of secretion by cell secretion of lysosomal enzymes cellular macromolecule localization establishment of protein localization to extracellular region regulation of establishment of protein localization export from cell regulation of protein transport protein secretion regulation of secretion of lysosomal enzymes positive regulation of protein secretion regulation of protein secretion protein transport regulation of cellular localization positive regulation of protein localization positive regulation of secretion of lysosomal enzymes negative regulation of cellular metabolic process negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of metabolic process negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process negative regulation of RNA metabolic process positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II developmental process regulation of developmental process cellular developmental process negative regulation of developmental process macrophage derived foam cell differentiation regulation of cell differentiation negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation foam cell differentiation cell differentiation regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation negative regulation of cell differentiation positive regulation of protein metabolic process regulation of protein metabolic process protein metabolic process cholesterol storage negative regulation of cholesterol storage lipid storage maintenance of location regulation of lipid storage negative regulation of lipid storage regulation of cholesterol storage response to endogenous stimulus hormone-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to chemical stimulus response to hormone cellular response to hormone stimulus regulation of cellular component organization positive regulation of cellular component organization protein-lipid complex organization cellular component organization cellular component biogenesis regulation of protein-containing complex assembly positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly cellular component assembly positive regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle assembly protein-containing complex assembly cellular component organization or biogenesis plasma lipoprotein particle organization protein-containing complex organization positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle assembly regulation of cellular component biogenesis regulation of plasma lipoprotein particle levels high-density lipoprotein particle assembly plasma lipoprotein particle assembly protein-lipid complex assembly positive regulation of lipid storage sterol homeostasis chemical homeostasis homeostatic process cholesterol homeostasis lipid homeostasis negative regulation of proteolysis regulation of proteolysis proteolysis negative regulation of protein metabolic process neutral lipid metabolic process neutral lipid biosynthetic process regulation of triglyceride metabolic process positive regulation of triglyceride metabolic process acylglycerol biosynthetic process triglyceride metabolic process triglyceride biosynthetic process regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process positive regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process glycerolipid biosynthetic process acylglycerol metabolic process import into cell negative regulation of endocytosis vesicle-mediated transport negative regulation of pinocytosis regulation of endocytosis negative regulation of cellular component organization regulation of vesicle-mediated transport regulation of pinocytosis pinocytosis endocytosis negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation of cellular response to stress regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress cellular response to stress response to endoplasmic reticulum stress negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis adaptive thermogenesis multicellular organismal-level homeostasis regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis cold-induced thermogenesis temperature homeostasis negative regulation of multicellular organismal process	intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cellular anatomical entity cytosol intracellular organelle organelle intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle chromatin chromosome non-membrane-bounded organelle RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex membrane-bounded organelle protein-containing complex nucleus intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cellular anatomical entity cytosol intracellular organelle organelle intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle chromatin chromosome non-membrane-bounded organelle RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex membrane-bounded organelle protein-containing complex nucleus nuclear protein-containing complex transcription regulator complex intracellular membrane-bounded organelle membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular organelle lumen nucleoplasm organelle lumen nuclear lumen
B, D [auth F]	Retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta	DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding binding double-stranded DNA binding nucleic acid binding retinoic acid-responsive element binding RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding transcription cis-regulatory region binding organic cyclic compound binding transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding nuclear receptor activity DNA binding sequence-specific DNA binding binding double-stranded DNA binding nucleic acid binding retinoic acid-responsive element binding RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding transcription cis-regulatory region binding organic cyclic compound binding transcription regulatory region nucleic acid binding RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding nuclear receptor activity nuclear steroid receptor activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific molecular transducer activity transcription regulator activity ligand-activated transcription factor activity DNA-binding transcription factor activity signaling receptor activity cation binding transition metal ion binding zinc ion binding ion binding metal ion binding small molecule binding DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription activator activity	developmental process cellular developmental process cell differentiation cellular process cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling response to endogenous stimulus biological regulation hormone-mediated signaling pathway cell communication cellular response to endogenous stimulus developmental process cellular developmental process cell differentiation cellular process cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling response to endogenous stimulus biological regulation hormone-mediated signaling pathway cell communication cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to chemical stimulus response to hormone response to chemical signal transduction cellular response to hormone stimulus multicellular organismal process regulation of developmental process positive regulation of biological process regulation of biomineral tissue development regulation of bone mineralization positive regulation of ossification positive regulation of developmental process multicellular organism development positive regulation of biomineral tissue development ossification anatomical structure development biomineral tissue development regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of multicellular organismal development bone mineralization animal organ development tissue development positive regulation of bone mineralization positive regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of ossification intracellular receptor signaling pathway retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway intracellular signal transduction nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway response to retinoic acid response to lipid response to oxygen-containing compound positive regulation of cell communication regulation of response to nutrient levels positive regulation of signal transduction regulation of signal transduction cellular response to vitamin D response to vitamin D response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to organic cyclic compound positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to nutrient levels regulation of response to stimulus cellular response to lipid regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway response to nutrient levels response to vitamin positive regulation of response to stimulus regulation of intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of cellular process regulation of signaling response to nutrient vitamin D receptor signaling pathway cellular response to vitamin positive regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway regulation of cell communication cellular response to nutrient positive regulation of signaling mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II cellular biosynthetic process cellular metabolic process RNA metabolic process primary metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process gene expression mRNA transcription mRNA metabolic process macromolecule biosynthetic process nucleic acid metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process RNA biosynthetic process DNA-templated transcription nucleic acid biosynthetic process transcription by RNA polymerase II biosynthetic process metabolic process macromolecule metabolic process positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription positive regulation of cellular metabolic process positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of primary metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process regulation of RNA metabolic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of biosynthetic process positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process regulation of cellular metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of cellular biosynthetic process positive regulation of RNA metabolic process regulation of gene expression positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of DNA-templated transcription regulation of metabolic process positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle cellular anatomical entity nucleolus intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle organelle lumen organelle intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle nuclear lumen non-membrane-bounded organelle membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle cellular anatomical entity nucleolus intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle organelle lumen organelle intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle nuclear lumen non-membrane-bounded organelle RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex protein-containing complex nuclear protein-containing complex transcription regulator complex cytoplasm cytosol nucleoplasm chromatin chromosome

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A, C [auth E]	IPR001628	Zinc finger, nuclear hormone receptor-type	Domain
A, C [auth E]	IPR013088	Zinc finger, NHR/GATA-type	Homologous Superfamily
A, C [auth E]	IPR023257	Liver X receptor	Family
A, C [auth E]	IPR050234	Nuclear hormone receptor family NR1 subfamily	Family
A, C [auth E]	IPR001723	Nuclear hormone receptor	Family
A, C [auth E]	IPR000536	Nuclear hormone receptor, ligand-binding domain	Domain
A, C [auth E]	IPR035500	Nuclear hormone receptor-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B, D [auth F]	IPR000003	Retinoid X receptor/HNF4	Family
B, D [auth F]	IPR001628	Zinc finger, nuclear hormone receptor-type	Domain
B, D [auth F]	IPR050274	Nuclear hormone receptor family NR2 subfamily	Family
B, D [auth F]	IPR001723	Nuclear hormone receptor	Family
B, D [auth F]	IPR013088	Zinc finger, NHR/GATA-type	Homologous Superfamily
B, D [auth F]	IPR000536	Nuclear hormone receptor, ligand-binding domain	Domain
B, D [auth F]	IPR035500	Nuclear hormone receptor-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A, C [auth E]	Pharos: P55055	cholestasis Hepatomegaly psoriasis diabetes mellitus hepatocellular carcinoma primary biliary cholangitis
B, D [auth F]	Pharos: P28702	breast carcinoma primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma triple-negative breast carcinoma astrocytic tumor cervical cancer gastric cancer hereditary diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma malignant ependymoma Mammary Neoplasms oligodendroglioma Sjogren syndrome breast cancer gastric neoplasm IgA glomerulonephritis osteosarcoma breast carcinoma primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma triple-negative breast carcinoma astrocytic tumor cervical cancer gastric cancer hereditary diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma malignant ependymoma Mammary Neoplasms oligodendroglioma Sjogren syndrome breast cancer gastric neoplasm IgA glomerulonephritis osteosarcoma subependymal giant cell astrocytoma Hashimoto thyroiditis medulloblastoma

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.