Annotations: 8EFQ

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	Ras-like P-loop GTPases	8056779	3002022	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C [auth G]	SCOP2B Superfamily	Transducin (heterotrimeric G protein), gamma chain	8070796	3001771	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
B	ANAPC4_WD40_3	e8efqB1	A: beta duplicates or obligate multimers	X: beta-propeller-like	H: beta-propeller	T: 7-bladed	F: ANAPC4_WD40_3	ECOD (1.6)
C [auth G]	G-gamma	e8efqG1	A: extended segments	X: Transducin (heterotrimeric G protein), gamma chain (From Topology)	H: Transducin (heterotrimeric G protein), gamma chain (From Topology)	T: Transducin (heterotrimeric G protein), gamma chain	F: G-gamma	ECOD (1.6)
E [auth R]	7tm_1_1	e8efqR1	A: alpha bundles	X: Family A G protein-coupled receptor-like (From Topology)	H: Family A G protein-coupled receptor-like (From Topology)	T: Family A G protein-coupled receptor-like	F: 7tm_1_1	ECOD (1.6)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A	PF00503	G-protein alpha subunit (G-alpha)	G-protein alpha subunit	G proteins couple receptors of extracellular signals to intracellular signaling pathways. The G protein alpha subunit binds guanyl nucleotide and is a weak GTPase. A set of residues that are unique to G-alpha as compared to its ancestor the Arf-like ...	G proteins couple receptors of extracellular signals to intracellular signaling pathways. The G protein alpha subunit binds guanyl nucleotide and is a weak GTPase. A set of residues that are unique to G-alpha as compared to its ancestor the Arf-like family form a ring of residues centered on the nucleotide binding site [3]. A Ggamma is found fused to an inactive Galpha in the Dictyostelium protein gbqA [3].	Domain
B	PF00400	WD domain, G-beta repeat (WD40)	WD domain, G-beta repeat	-	Repeat
E [auth R]	PF00001	7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family) (7tm_1)	7 transmembrane receptor (rhodopsin family)	-	Family

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1	D2 dopamine receptor binding protein binding binding signaling receptor binding G protein-coupled receptor binding dopamine receptor binding guanyl nucleotide binding GTP binding nucleotide binding guanyl ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding D2 dopamine receptor binding protein binding binding signaling receptor binding G protein-coupled receptor binding dopamine receptor binding guanyl nucleotide binding GTP binding nucleotide binding guanyl ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding organic cyclic compound binding purine nucleotide binding anion binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding small molecule binding cation binding magnesium ion binding metal ion binding GDP binding G protein-coupled serotonin receptor binding protein-containing complex binding G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding pyrophosphatase activity GTPase activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity	response to stimulus response to hormone response to chemical response to endogenous stimulus response to peptide hormone response to oxygen-containing compound response to nitrogen compound cellular process cell division leukocyte migration immune system process mononuclear cell migration lymphocyte migration cell migration response to stimulus response to hormone response to chemical response to endogenous stimulus response to peptide hormone response to oxygen-containing compound response to nitrogen compound cellular process cell division leukocyte migration immune system process mononuclear cell migration lymphocyte migration cell migration T cell migration cell motility cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process signaling biological regulation cell communication adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway signal transduction regulation of cytoskeleton organization regulation of cellular component organization microtubule cytoskeleton organization regulation of mitotic spindle organization mitotic cell cycle cellular component organization cell cycle cellular component organization or biogenesis regulation of cell cycle microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis spindle organization cell cycle process regulation of cell cycle process regulation of microtubule-based process regulation of spindle organization regulation of organelle organization mitotic spindle organization organelle organization mitotic cell cycle process microtubule-based process cytoskeleton organization regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization protein localization positive regulation of protein localization to cell periphery regulation of localization protein localization to cell periphery cellular localization regulation of protein localization positive regulation of biological process positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex regulation of protein localization to cell periphery localization regulation of cellular localization regulation of protein localization to cell cortex cellular macromolecule localization macromolecule localization positive regulation of protein localization protein localization to cell cortex positive regulation of cellular process adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway regulation of signaling regulation of signal transduction intracellular signal transduction cAMP-mediated signaling regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of response to stimulus intracellular signaling cassette regulation of cell communication regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling response to ketone response to lipid response to alcohol cellular response to forskolin cellular response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to alcohol response to forskolin cellular response to lipid cellular response to ketone response to organic cyclic compound	midbody cellular anatomical entity membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle nucleolus intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle organelle lumen organelle intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle nuclear lumen midbody cellular anatomical entity membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle nucleolus intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle organelle lumen organelle intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle nuclear lumen non-membrane-bounded organelle cell periphery cell cortex cytoplasm protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex extrinsic component of membrane extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane extracellular exosome extracellular vesicle extracellular organelle extracellular region extracellular space vesicle extracellular membrane-bounded organelle centrosome microtubule organizing center cytoskeleton microtubule cytoskeleton nucleoplasm vacuolar membrane lytic vacuole vacuole lytic vacuole membrane bounding membrane of organelle lysosomal membrane organelle membrane lysosome
B	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1	cytoskeletal protein binding spectrin binding protein-containing complex binding protein binding binding enzyme binding GTPase binding phosphoric ester hydrolase activity alkylglycerophosphoethanolamine phosphodiesterase activity hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds phosphoric diester hydrolase activity hydrolase activity catalytic activity pyrophosphatase activity cytoskeletal protein binding spectrin binding protein-containing complex binding protein binding binding enzyme binding GTPase binding phosphoric ester hydrolase activity alkylglycerophosphoethanolamine phosphodiesterase activity hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds phosphoric diester hydrolase activity hydrolase activity catalytic activity pyrophosphatase activity GTPase activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides signaling receptor complex adaptor activity protein-macromolecule adaptor activity molecular adaptor activity signaling adaptor activity	positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration biological regulation regulation of biological quality multicellular organismal process system process sensory perception of chemical stimulus sensory perception nervous system process sensory perception of taste developmental process sensory organ development eye development animal organ development retina development in camera-type eye positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration biological regulation regulation of biological quality multicellular organismal process system process sensory perception of chemical stimulus sensory perception nervous system process sensory perception of taste developmental process sensory organ development eye development animal organ development retina development in camera-type eye visual system development multicellular organism development camera-type eye development anatomical structure development sensory system development system development response to decreased oxygen levels cellular response to stimulus response to stimulus cellular response to oxygen levels cellular response to hypoxia cellular response to decreased oxygen levels cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to stress response to hypoxia response to stress response to chemical response to oxygen levels response to abiotic stimulus cellular process cell population proliferation regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process signaling phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cell communication G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway signal transduction muscle cell apoptotic process striated muscle cell apoptotic process apoptotic process cell death programmed cell death cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex cellular anatomical entity heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cell periphery cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane membrane plasma membrane membrane protein complex cellular anatomical entity heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cell periphery cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex extrinsic component of membrane extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane photoreceptor inner segment somatodendritic compartment cell projection dendrite dendritic tree neuron projection plasma membrane bounded cell projection intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm membrane-bounded organelle non-motile cilium 9+0 non-motile cilium cilium photoreceptor outer segment photoreceptor cell cilium organelle ciliary membrane photoreceptor outer segment membrane bounding membrane of organelle plasma membrane region organelle membrane cell projection membrane synapse cell junction cell body
C [auth G]	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2	protein binding binding G-protein beta-subunit binding pyrophosphatase activity GTPase activity ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides, in phosphorus-containing anhydrides hydrolase activity hydrolase activity, acting on acid anhydrides catalytic activity	cellular response to nitrogen compound cellular response to stimulus response to dopamine regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling cellular response to dopamine response to monoamine cell communication response to catecholamine adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular response to catecholamine stimulus signal transduction response to organic cyclic compound cellular response to nitrogen compound cellular response to stimulus response to dopamine regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling cellular response to dopamine response to monoamine cell communication response to catecholamine adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular response to catecholamine stimulus signal transduction response to organic cyclic compound regulation of biological process G protein-coupled dopamine receptor signaling pathway cellular response to organic cyclic compound biological regulation response to oxygen-containing compound response to nitrogen compound adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cellular response to oxygen-containing compound cellular response to chemical stimulus cellular response to monoamine stimulus response to chemical adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cellular process G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway response to ketone response to prostaglandin response to lipid response to endogenous stimulus response to alcohol cellular response to prostaglandin stimulus cellular response to endogenous stimulus cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus cellular response to alcohol response to hormone cellular response to lipid response to prostaglandin E cellular response to ketone cellular response to hormone stimulus	cell periphery plasma membrane membrane cellular anatomical entity protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex cell periphery plasma membrane membrane cellular anatomical entity protein-containing complex extrinsic component of plasma membrane catalytic complex plasma membrane protein complex cytoplasmic side of membrane membrane protein complex heterotrimeric G-protein complex side of membrane cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane GTPase complex extrinsic component of membrane extrinsic component of cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane
D [auth P]	DAMGO	-	-	-
E [auth R]	Mu-type opioid receptor	molecular transducer activity G protein-coupled receptor activity transmembrane signaling receptor activity signaling receptor activity calcium channel activity monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity voltage-gated calcium channel activity gated channel activity monoatomic ion channel activity voltage-gated channel activity voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity voltage-gated monoatomic cation channel activity monoatomic cation channel activity passive transmembrane transporter activity molecular transducer activity G protein-coupled receptor activity transmembrane signaling receptor activity signaling receptor activity calcium channel activity monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity voltage-gated calcium channel activity gated channel activity monoatomic ion channel activity voltage-gated channel activity voltage-gated monoatomic ion channel activity voltage-gated monoatomic cation channel activity monoatomic cation channel activity passive transmembrane transporter activity calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity inorganic molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity channel activity inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity transporter activity metal ion transmembrane transporter activity transmembrane transporter activity protein binding binding G-protein beta-subunit binding neuropeptide binding peptide binding G-protein alpha-subunit binding peptide receptor activity beta-endorphin receptor activity G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity melanocortin receptor activity neuropeptide receptor activity morphine receptor activity	regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process regulation of biological process biological regulation positive regulation of biological process reactive nitrogen species metabolic process positive regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process nitric oxide metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process nitric oxide biosynthetic process biosynthetic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process metabolic process regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process regulation of biosynthetic process regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process regulation of biological process biological regulation positive regulation of biological process reactive nitrogen species metabolic process positive regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process nitric oxide metabolic process positive regulation of metabolic process nitric oxide biosynthetic process biosynthetic process positive regulation of biosynthetic process metabolic process regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process regulation of metabolic process cellular response to stimulus regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling cell communication G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cellular process signal transduction neuropeptide signaling pathway positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration regulation of biological quality cellular response to nitrogen compound synaptic signaling cellular response to acetylcholine response to oxygen-containing compound cell-cell signaling response to nitrogen compound acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway postsynaptic signal transduction cellular response to oxygen-containing compound adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway cellular response to chemical stimulus G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway response to chemical adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway response to acetylcholine adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of cell communication positive regulation of signal transduction regulation of signal transduction intracellular signal transduction positive regulation of response to stimulus positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade regulation of intracellular signal transduction intracellular signaling cassette positive regulation of cellular process regulation of signaling positive regulation of MAPK cascade positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction regulation of MAPK cascade regulation of response to stimulus MAPK cascade regulation of cell communication ERK1 and ERK2 cascade regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade positive regulation of signaling regulation of localization transport regulation of signaling receptor activity regulation of transmembrane transporter activity regulation of transporter activity localization regulation of NMDA receptor activity regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity regulation of transport establishment of localization transmembrane transport regulation of molecular function regulation of transmembrane transport regulation of neurotransmitter receptor activity G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway cAMP-mediated signaling positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling regulation of cellular response to stress cellular response to stress regulation of response to stress response to stress negative regulation of metabolic process negative regulation of biological process negative regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process negative regulation of biosynthetic process multicellular organismal process system process sensory perception nervous system process behavior adult behavior response to alcohol behavioral response to ethanol response to ethanol negative regulation of cell population proliferation cell population proliferation regulation of cell population proliferation negative regulation of cellular process phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration positive regulation of nervous system development regulation of developmental process cellular developmental process cell development regulation of cell differentiation regulation of neurogenesis regulation of cell development regulation of nervous system development positive regulation of developmental process multicellular organism development neurogenesis positive regulation of cell differentiation cell differentiation anatomical structure development positive regulation of neurogenesis regulation of multicellular organismal process system development developmental process regulation of multicellular organismal development positive regulation of cell development nervous system development positive regulation of multicellular organismal process negative regulation of signaling negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction negative regulation of cell communication negative regulation of response to stimulus negative regulation of signal transduction negative regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling sensory perception of pain protein localization negative regulation of protein transport establishment of protein localization nitrogen compound transport negative regulation of transport negative regulation of secretion cellular macromolecule localization negative regulation of secretion by cell establishment of protein localization to extracellular region negative regulation of establishment of protein localization protein secretion regulation of protein secretion regulation of secretion negative regulation of protein secretion cellular localization regulation of protein localization negative regulation of Wnt protein secretion protein localization to extracellular region secretion by cell regulation of secretion by cell signal release regulation of Wnt protein secretion negative regulation of protein localization secretion regulation of establishment of protein localization export from cell regulation of protein transport Wnt protein secretion protein transport regulation of cellular localization macromolecule localization G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	somatodendritic compartment cell body perikaryon neuronal cell body cellular anatomical entity cell periphery plasma membrane membrane cell projection dendrite dendritic tree neuron projection plasma membrane bounded cell projection membrane-bounded organelle somatodendritic compartment cell body perikaryon neuronal cell body cellular anatomical entity cell periphery plasma membrane membrane cell projection dendrite dendritic tree neuron projection plasma membrane bounded cell projection membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle intracellular anatomical structure Golgi apparatus organelle cytoplasm intracellular membrane-bounded organelle endomembrane system endosome intracellular vesicle cytoplasmic vesicle vesicle synapse cell junction axon endoplasmic reticulum

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A	IPR001019	Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein), alpha subunit	Family
A	IPR011025	G protein alpha subunit, helical insertion	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR027417	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR001408	G-protein alpha subunit, group I	Family
B	IPR019775	WD40 repeat, conserved site	Conserved Site
B	IPR015943	WD40/YVTN repeat-like-containing domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR016346	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, beta subunit	Family
B	IPR036322	WD40-repeat-containing domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
B	IPR001632	G-protein, beta subunit	Domain
B	IPR001680	WD40 repeat	Repeat
B	IPR020472	G-protein beta WD-40 repeat	Repeat
C [auth G]	IPR036284	G-protein gamma-like domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
C [auth G]	IPR015898	G-protein gamma-like domain	Domain
C [auth G]	IPR001770	G-protein, gamma subunit	Family
E [auth R]	IPR001418	Opioid receptor	Family
E [auth R]	IPR000276	G protein-coupled receptor, rhodopsin-like	Family
E [auth R]	IPR017452	GPCR, rhodopsin-like, 7TM	Domain
E [auth R]	IPR000105	Mu opioid receptor	Family

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A	Pharos: P63096	substance withdrawal syndrome dissociative amnesia malignant glioma nicotine dependence pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma acute myeloid leukemia Withdrawal Symptoms breast cancer glioblastoma intellectual disability large cell medulloblastoma malignant pancreatic neoplasm oligodendroglioma Pick disease astrocytic tumor substance withdrawal syndrome dissociative amnesia malignant glioma nicotine dependence pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma acute myeloid leukemia Withdrawal Symptoms breast cancer glioblastoma intellectual disability large cell medulloblastoma malignant pancreatic neoplasm oligodendroglioma Pick disease astrocytic tumor breast carcinoma interstitial cystitis malignant colon neoplasm medulloblastoma ovarian cancer subependymal giant cell astrocytoma amnestic disorder atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor breast fibroadenoma ductal breast carcinoma in situ invasive ductal breast carcinoma
E [auth R]	Pharos: P35372	hepatitis C virus infection alcohol abuse hepatic encephalopathy opiate dependence B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia morphine dependence cocaine abuse Pruritus hepatic coma neuralgia epilepsy cocaine dependence constipation disorder heroin dependence lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesia hepatitis C virus infection alcohol abuse hepatic encephalopathy opiate dependence B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia morphine dependence cocaine abuse Pruritus hepatic coma neuralgia epilepsy cocaine dependence constipation disorder heroin dependence lingual-facial-buccal dyskinesia substance abuse AIDS dementia complex respiratory failure visual epilepsy amphetamine abuse ovarian cancer substance withdrawal syndrome depressive disorder allergic rhinitis drug psychosis schizophrenia 12 large cell medulloblastoma osteoarthritis malignant glioma substance dependence movement disorder substance-related disorder common cold alcohol dependence viral encephalitis drug dependence rhinitis osteosarcoma pain agnosia glioblastoma diarrheal disease schizophrenia obesity disorder atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor

Membrane Protein Annotation: OPM OPM Database Homepage

Chains	External Link	Type	Class	Superfamily	Family
A, C [auth G], E [auth R]	OPM	Transmembrane	Alpha-helical polytopic	Rhodopsin-like receptors and pumps	G-protein coupled receptors, family A

Membrane Protein Annotation: PDBTM PDBTM Database Homepage

Chains	External Link	Comment
A, C [auth G], E [auth R]	PDBTM	Annotated as membrane protein by PDBTM

Membrane Protein Annotation: mpstruc mpstruc Database Homepage

Chains	Resource Link	Group	Subgroup	Protein
A, C [auth G], E [auth R]	mpstruc	TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS: ALPHA-HELICAL	G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Class A	μ-opioid receptor-G_i complex with bound fentanyl

Protein Modification Annotation

Modified Residue(s)
Chain	Residue(s)	Description
D [auth P]	DAL	RESID: AA0111 , AA0191 PSI-MOD : meso-lanthionine MOD:00120 , D-alanine (Ala) MOD:00198 , D-alanine (Ser) MOD:00858 , D-alanine MOD:00862
D [auth P]	MEA	Parent Component: PHE RESID: AA0111 , AA0191 , AA0065 PSI-MOD : meso-lanthionine MOD:00120 , D-alanine (Ala) MOD:00198 , D-alanine (Ser) MOD:00858 , D-alanine MOD:00862 , N-methyl-L-phenylalanine MOD:00074

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.