Annotations: 5ZE9

Domain Annotation: SCOP/SCOPe Classification SCOP-e Database Homepage

Chains	Domain Info	Class	Fold	Superfamily	Family	Domain	Species	Provenance Source (Version)
D	d5ze9d3	All alpha proteins	Left-handed superhelix	C-terminal domain of alpha and beta (or A/B) subunits of rotary ATPases	automated matches	automated matches	(Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 ) [TaxId: 768486 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
D	d5ze9d1	All beta proteins	Domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase-like	N-terminal domain of alpha and beta (or A/B) subunits of rotary ATPases	automated matches	automated matches	(Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 ) [TaxId: 768486 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
D	d5ze9d2	Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	automated matches	automated matches	(Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 ) [TaxId: 768486 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
E	d5ze9e3	All alpha proteins	Left-handed superhelix	C-terminal domain of alpha and beta (or A/B) subunits of rotary ATPases	automated matches	automated matches	(Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 ) [TaxId: 768486 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
E	d5ze9e1	All beta proteins	Domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase-like	N-terminal domain of alpha and beta (or A/B) subunits of rotary ATPases	automated matches	automated matches	(Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 ) [TaxId: 768486 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
E	d5ze9e2	Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	automated matches	automated matches	(Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 ) [TaxId: 768486 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
F	d5ze9f3	All alpha proteins	Left-handed superhelix	C-terminal domain of alpha and beta (or A/B) subunits of rotary ATPases	automated matches	automated matches	(Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 ) [TaxId: 768486 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
F	d5ze9f1	All beta proteins	Domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase-like	N-terminal domain of alpha and beta (or A/B) subunits of rotary ATPases	automated matches	automated matches	(Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 ) [TaxId: 768486 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
F	d5ze9f2	Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	automated matches	automated matches	(Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 ) [TaxId: 768486 ],	SCOPe (2.08)
F	d5ze9f4	Artifacts	Tags	Tags	Tags	N-terminal Tags	(Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790 ) [TaxId: 768486 ],	SCOPe (2.08)

Domain Annotation: SCOP2 Classification SCOP2 Database Homepage

Chains	Type	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Family Identifier	Provenance Source (Version)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	Single hybrid motif	8093375	3001880	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	RecA-like P-loop NTPases	8093379	3002019	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	ATP synthase alpha/beta N-terminal domain-like	8093377	3001034	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
A	SCOP2B Superfamily	ATP synthase alpha/beta C-terminal domain-like	8093380	3000684	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	ATP synthase alpha/beta C-terminal domain-like	8093380	3000684	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	Single hybrid motif	8093375	3001880	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	RecA-like P-loop NTPases	8093379	3002019	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
B	SCOP2B Superfamily	ATP synthase alpha/beta N-terminal domain-like	8093377	3001034	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C	SCOP2B Superfamily	ATP synthase alpha/beta N-terminal domain-like	8093377	3001034	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C	SCOP2B Superfamily	Single hybrid motif	8093375	3001880	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C	SCOP2B Superfamily	RecA-like P-loop NTPases	8093379	3002019	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)
C	SCOP2B Superfamily	ATP synthase alpha/beta C-terminal domain-like	8093380	3000684	SCOP2B (2022-06-29)

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
A	ATP-synt_ab_N	e5ze9A1	A: beta barrels	X: cradle loop barrel	H: RIFT-related	T: Alanine racemase-C	F: ATP-synt_ab_N	ECOD (1.6)
A	ATP-synt_ab_C	e5ze9A2	A: alpha superhelices	X: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase (From Topology)	H: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase (From Topology)	T: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase	F: ATP-synt_ab_C	ECOD (1.6)
A	ATP-synt_ab	e5ze9A3	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: ATP-synt_ab	ECOD (1.6)
B	ATP-synt_ab_N	e5ze9B3	A: beta barrels	X: cradle loop barrel	H: RIFT-related	T: Alanine racemase-C	F: ATP-synt_ab_N	ECOD (1.6)
B	ATP-synt_ab_C	e5ze9B2	A: alpha superhelices	X: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase (From Topology)	H: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase (From Topology)	T: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase	F: ATP-synt_ab_C	ECOD (1.6)
B	ATP-synt_ab	e5ze9B1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: ATP-synt_ab	ECOD (1.6)
C	ATP-synt_ab_N	e5ze9C1	A: beta barrels	X: cradle loop barrel	H: RIFT-related	T: Alanine racemase-C	F: ATP-synt_ab_N	ECOD (1.6)
C	ATP-synt_ab_C	e5ze9C2	A: alpha superhelices	X: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase (From Topology)	H: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase (From Topology)	T: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase	F: ATP-synt_ab_C	ECOD (1.6)
C	ATP-synt_ab	e5ze9C3	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: ATP-synt_ab	ECOD (1.6)
D	ATP-synt_ab_N	e5ze9D3	A: beta barrels	X: cradle loop barrel	H: RIFT-related	T: Alanine racemase-C	F: ATP-synt_ab_N	ECOD (1.6)
D	ATP-synt_ab_C	e5ze9D2	A: alpha superhelices	X: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase (From Topology)	H: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase (From Topology)	T: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase	F: ATP-synt_ab_C	ECOD (1.6)
D	ATP-synt_ab	e5ze9D1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: ATP-synt_ab	ECOD (1.6)
E	ATP-synt_ab_N	e5ze9E1	A: beta barrels	X: cradle loop barrel	H: RIFT-related	T: Alanine racemase-C	F: ATP-synt_ab_N	ECOD (1.6)
E	ATP-synt_ab_C	e5ze9E2	A: alpha superhelices	X: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase (From Topology)	H: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase (From Topology)	T: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase	F: ATP-synt_ab_C	ECOD (1.6)
E	ATP-synt_ab	e5ze9E3	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: ATP-synt_ab	ECOD (1.6)
F	ATP-synt_ab_N	e5ze9F2	A: beta barrels	X: cradle loop barrel	H: RIFT-related	T: Alanine racemase-C	F: ATP-synt_ab_N	ECOD (1.6)
F	ATP-synt_ab_C	e5ze9F3	A: alpha superhelices	X: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase (From Topology)	H: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase (From Topology)	T: C-terminal domain of alpha and beta subunits of F1 ATP synthase	F: ATP-synt_ab_C	ECOD (1.6)
F	ATP-synt_ab	e5ze9F1	A: a/b three-layered sandwiches	X: P-loop domains-like	H: P-loop domains-related	T: P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases	F: ATP-synt_ab	ECOD (1.6)

Domain Annotation: CATH CATH Database Homepage

Chain	Domain	Class	Architecture	Topology	Homology	Provenance Source (Version)
A	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (4.3.0)
A	2.40.50.100	Mainly Beta	Beta Barrel	OB fold (Dihydrolipoamide Acetyltransferase, E2P)	RNA polymerase II/Efflux pump adaptor protein, barrel-sandwich hybrid domain	CATH (4.3.0)
A	1.10.1140.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Bovine Mitochondrial F1-ATPase, ATP Synthase Beta Chain	Chain D, domain3	CATH (4.3.0)
B	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (4.3.0)
B	2.40.50.100	Mainly Beta	Beta Barrel	OB fold (Dihydrolipoamide Acetyltransferase, E2P)	RNA polymerase II/Efflux pump adaptor protein, barrel-sandwich hybrid domain	CATH (4.3.0)
B	1.10.1140.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Bovine Mitochondrial F1-ATPase, ATP Synthase Beta Chain	Chain D, domain3	CATH (4.3.0)
C	3.40.50.300	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold	P-loop containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases	CATH (4.3.0)
C	2.40.50.100	Mainly Beta	Beta Barrel	OB fold (Dihydrolipoamide Acetyltransferase, E2P)	RNA polymerase II/Efflux pump adaptor protein, barrel-sandwich hybrid domain	CATH (4.3.0)
C	1.10.1140.10	Mainly Alpha	Orthogonal Bundle	Bovine Mitochondrial F1-ATPase, ATP Synthase Beta Chain	Chain D, domain3	CATH (4.3.0)
D	3.40.50.12240	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold		CATH (4.3.0)
E	3.40.50.12240	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold		CATH (4.3.0)
F	3.40.50.12240	Alpha Beta	3-Layer(aba) Sandwich	Rossmann fold		CATH (4.3.0)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A, B, C	PF00006	ATP synthase alpha/beta family, nucleotide-binding domain (ATP-synt_ab)	ATP synthase alpha/beta family, nucleotide-binding domain	This entry includes the ATP synthase alpha and beta subunits, the ATP synthase associated with flagella and the termination factor Rho.	Domain
A, B, C	PF22919	C-terminal domain of V and A type ATP synthase (ATP-synt_VA_C)	C-terminal domain of V and A type ATP synthase	This entry represents a small alpha helical domain found at the C-terminus of a variety of ATP synthases.	Domain
A, B, C	PF16886	ATPsynthase alpha/beta subunit N-term extension (ATP-synt_ab_Xtn)	ATPsynthase alpha/beta subunit N-term extension	-	Family
A, B, C	PF02874	ATP synthase alpha/beta family, beta-barrel domain (ATP-synt_ab_N)	ATP synthase alpha/beta family, beta-barrel domain	This family includes the ATP synthase alpha and beta subunits the ATP synthase associated with flagella.	Domain
D, E, F	PF00006	ATP synthase alpha/beta family, nucleotide-binding domain (ATP-synt_ab)	ATP synthase alpha/beta family, nucleotide-binding domain	This entry includes the ATP synthase alpha and beta subunits, the ATP synthase associated with flagella and the termination factor Rho.	Domain
D, E, F	PF22919	C-terminal domain of V and A type ATP synthase (ATP-synt_VA_C)	C-terminal domain of V and A type ATP synthase	This entry represents a small alpha helical domain found at the C-terminus of a variety of ATP synthases.	Domain
D, E, F	PF02874	ATP synthase alpha/beta family, beta-barrel domain (ATP-synt_ab_N)	ATP synthase alpha/beta family, beta-barrel domain	This family includes the ATP synthase alpha and beta subunits the ATP synthase associated with flagella.	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A, B, C	V-type sodium ATPase catalytic subunit A	binding adenyl ribonucleotide binding nucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding purine nucleotide binding organic cyclic compound binding anion binding adenyl nucleotide binding ATP binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding binding adenyl ribonucleotide binding nucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding purine nucleotide binding organic cyclic compound binding anion binding adenyl nucleotide binding ATP binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding small molecule binding monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity proton transmembrane transporter activity primary active transmembrane transporter activity ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity proton-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism ATPase-coupled monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity ATP-dependent activity active monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity ATPase-coupled ion transmembrane transporter activity active transmembrane transporter activity ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, rotational mechanism inorganic molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity transporter activity transmembrane transporter activity sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity sodium-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism metal ion transmembrane transporter activity catalytic activity ligase activity sodium-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism monoatomic ion channel activity proton channel activity proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism monoatomic cation channel activity passive transmembrane transporter activity channel activity	ribose phosphate metabolic process ATP metabolic process ATP biosynthetic process nucleotide biosynthetic process organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process carbohydrate derivative metabolic process purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process ribonucleotide biosynthetic process purine nucleotide metabolic process ribonucleotide metabolic process purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process ribose phosphate metabolic process ATP metabolic process ATP biosynthetic process nucleotide biosynthetic process organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process carbohydrate derivative metabolic process purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process ribonucleotide biosynthetic process purine nucleotide metabolic process ribonucleotide metabolic process purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process purine-containing compound biosynthetic process purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process small molecule metabolic process phosphorus metabolic process ribose phosphate biosynthetic process ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process nucleoside phosphate metabolic process carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process organonitrogen compound metabolic process nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process proton motive force-driven plasma membrane ATP synthesis cellular metabolic process primary metabolic process nucleotide metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process purine-containing compound metabolic process biosynthetic process organophosphate metabolic process organophosphate biosynthetic process nucleoside phosphate biosynthetic process metabolic process cellular process nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process purine ribonucleotide metabolic process purine nucleotide biosynthetic process	vacuolar membrane membrane-bounded organelle storage vacuole intracellular anatomical structure membrane lytic vacuole vacuole cellular anatomical entity intracellular membrane-bounded organelle fungal-type vacuole intracellular organelle lytic vacuole membrane bounding membrane of organelle organelle vacuolar membrane membrane-bounded organelle storage vacuole intracellular anatomical structure membrane lytic vacuole vacuole cellular anatomical entity intracellular membrane-bounded organelle fungal-type vacuole intracellular organelle lytic vacuole membrane bounding membrane of organelle organelle cytoplasm organelle membrane fungal-type vacuole membrane lysosomal membrane lysosome intracellular vesicle phagocytic vesicle cytoplasmic vesicle vesicle endocytic vesicle protein-containing complex catalytic complex proton-transporting ATP synthase complex membrane protein complex cation channel complex transporter complex proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex transmembrane transporter complex monoatomic ion channel complex plant-type vacuole
D, E, F	V-type sodium ATPase subunit B	binding adenyl ribonucleotide binding nucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding purine nucleotide binding organic cyclic compound binding anion binding adenyl nucleotide binding ATP binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding binding adenyl ribonucleotide binding nucleotide binding purine ribonucleotide binding purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding nucleoside phosphate binding ion binding purine nucleotide binding organic cyclic compound binding anion binding adenyl nucleotide binding ATP binding heterocyclic compound binding carbohydrate derivative binding ribonucleotide binding small molecule binding monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity proton transmembrane transporter activity primary active transmembrane transporter activity ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity proton-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism ATPase-coupled monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity ATP-dependent activity active monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity ATPase-coupled ion transmembrane transporter activity active transmembrane transporter activity ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, rotational mechanism inorganic molecular entity transmembrane transporter activity inorganic cation transmembrane transporter activity monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity transporter activity transmembrane transporter activity monoatomic ion channel activity proton channel activity proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism monoatomic cation channel activity passive transmembrane transporter activity channel activity catalytic activity ligase activity	ribose phosphate metabolic process ATP metabolic process ATP biosynthetic process nucleotide biosynthetic process organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process carbohydrate derivative metabolic process purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process ribonucleotide biosynthetic process purine nucleotide metabolic process ribonucleotide metabolic process purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process ribose phosphate metabolic process ATP metabolic process ATP biosynthetic process nucleotide biosynthetic process organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process carbohydrate derivative metabolic process purine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process purine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process ribonucleotide biosynthetic process purine nucleotide metabolic process ribonucleotide metabolic process purine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process purine-containing compound biosynthetic process purine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process phosphate-containing compound metabolic process small molecule metabolic process phosphorus metabolic process ribose phosphate biosynthetic process ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process nucleoside phosphate metabolic process carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process organonitrogen compound metabolic process nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process proton motive force-driven plasma membrane ATP synthesis cellular metabolic process primary metabolic process nucleotide metabolic process nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process purine-containing compound metabolic process biosynthetic process organophosphate metabolic process organophosphate biosynthetic process nucleoside phosphate biosynthetic process metabolic process cellular process nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process purine ribonucleotide metabolic process purine nucleotide biosynthetic process localization transport monoatomic ion transport monoatomic cation transport establishment of localization sodium ion transport metal ion transport homeostatic process biological regulation intracellular pH reduction regulation of intracellular pH vacuolar acidification cellular homeostasis chemical homeostasis intracellular monoatomic cation homeostasis regulation of pH monoatomic ion homeostasis intracellular chemical homeostasis regulation of biological quality monoatomic cation homeostasis regulation of cellular pH intracellular monoatomic ion homeostasis	-

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A, B, C	IPR004100	ATPase, F1/V1/A1 complex, alpha/beta subunit, N-terminal domain	Domain
A, B, C	IPR022878	V-type ATP synthase catalytic alpha chain	Family
A, B, C	IPR031686	ATPsynthase alpha/beta subunit, N-terminal extension	Domain
A, B, C	IPR024034	ATPase, F1/V1 complex, beta/alpha subunit, C-terminal	Homologous Superfamily
A, B, C	IPR036121	ATPase, F1/V1/A1 complex, alpha/beta subunit, N-terminal domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A, B, C	IPR023366	ATP synthase subunit alpha, N-terminal domain-like superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A, B, C	IPR020003	ATPase, alpha/beta subunit, nucleotide-binding domain, active site	Active Site
A, B, C	IPR000194	ATPase, F1/V1/A1 complex, alpha/beta subunit, nucleotide-binding domain	Domain
A, B, C	IPR027417	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase	Homologous Superfamily
D, E, F	IPR020003	ATPase, alpha/beta subunit, nucleotide-binding domain, active site	Active Site
D, E, F	IPR000194	ATPase, F1/V1/A1 complex, alpha/beta subunit, nucleotide-binding domain	Domain
D, E, F	IPR004100	ATPase, F1/V1/A1 complex, alpha/beta subunit, N-terminal domain	Domain
D, E, F	IPR022879	V-type ATP synthase regulatory subunit B/beta	Family
D, E, F	IPR027417	P-loop containing nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase	Homologous Superfamily

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM133198.